你知道如何正确使用me、herself、his或theirs这样的词汇吗?当你刚开始学英语时,这些看似微不足道的单词,其实可能会让你感到头疼。
最常见的英语代词类型(通常在第一节英语课上就会学到)是主语代词:I、you、he、she、it、we、you和they。
但英语代词的范围远不止于主语代词。事实上,英语中还包括宾语代词 (Object pronoun)、物主代词/所有格代词(Possessive pronoun)、反身代词(Reflexive pronoun)、关系代词(Relative pronoun),以及更多……
在本文中,我们会解释最常见的代词类型,以及如何在实践中使用它们。
什么是代词(pronoun)?
名词在英语中极为常见,无处不在!它们在英语中,起到了极为重要的作用,但也需要一些“助手”来辅助它们。代词是替代名词的词汇,帮助我们避免在句子中过多重复使用同一个名词。
想象一下,如果你要给朋友讲一件事,描述你爸爸如何在周末为你的家人做晚餐:
My dad loves cooking. My dad always cooks dinner for us on the weekends. My dad is a pretty good cook! My dad made delicious pasta with tomato sauce.
这种叙事听起来无聊又重复,这就是我们需要代词的原因。有了代词后,你的说法可以变成这样:
My dad loves cooking. He always cooks dinner for us on the weekends. He’s a pretty good cook! He made delicious pasta with tomato sauce.
而在英语中,有7种类型的代词:
- 人称代词 - Personal pronoun:
- 主语代词 - Subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)
- 宾语代词 - Object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)
- 物主代词/所有格代词 - Possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)
- 指示代词 - Demonstrative pronoun (this, these, that, those)
- 疑问代词 - Interrogative pronoun (who, whom, which, what)
- 关系代词 - Relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whoever, whichever, whomever)
- 不定代词 - Indefinite pronoun (all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone)
- 反身代词 - Reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
- 强化代词 - Intensive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
英语中的人称代词
人称代词指发言者或发言者所谈论的人(或事物)。在英语中,有三种人称代词:主格代词、宾语代词和物主代词/所有格代词。
英语中的主语代词
主语代词很常见,是用来替代名词或名称功能的词汇,作为句子的主语。
- I(我)用于指代自己。
- You(你)用于指代你所称呼的人。
- He(他)用于指代第三人称男性。
- She(她)用于指代第三人称女性。
- It(它)用于指代事物、地方或动物。
- We(我们)用于指代你所在的人群。
- You(你们)用于指代你所称呼的人群。
- They(他们)用于指代你不属于的人群。
以下是关于如何使用主语代词的例句:
主语代词 | 例句 |
---|---|
I | I ate a delicious pizza this afternoon. |
You | You are smart, so you will get an A on the test tomorrow. |
He | He is Kate’s boyfriend from London. |
She | She likes video games and football, just like her brother. |
It | Look at this cat! It is so cute! |
We | We are looking forward to the party tonight. |
You | You are the best friends in the world! |
They | They all have blue eyes and blond hair. |
英语中的宾语代词
英语中的所有代词都有相同的功能:替换名词。顾名思义,英语中的宾语代词主要用来替换句子的宾语。
而宾语代词还能分为直接宾语代词(Direct object pronoun)和间接宾语代词(Indirect object pronoun)。句子里的直接宾语是动作(动词)的直接承受者,而间接宾语是动作的直接承受者的接收者(即主语传递某种事物或信息的接收者)。
如果你对于直接宾语与间接宾语还是感到困惑,可以看看下面的例子:
- John gave me a book.(me是间接宾语,a book是直接宾语)
- She bought him a gift.(him是间接宾语,a gift是直接宾语)
- I sent them a letter.(them是间接宾语,a letter是直接宾语)
以下是关于如何使用宾语代词的例句:
宾语代词 | 例句 | 直接或间接 |
---|---|---|
Me | John gave me a book | 间接 |
You | I love you. | 直接 |
Him | I saw him at the mall yesterday. | 直接 |
Her | My boss thinks very highly of her. | 直接 |
It | The dog chased the ball, but didn't bring it back. | 直接 |
Us | They gave us a beautiful wedding gift. | 间接 |
You | We invited you to the party. | 直接 |
Them | I gave them the keys. | 间接 |
英语中的物主代词/所有格代词
物主代词/所有格代词相当简单,是表达对某物具备所有权的代词,常用于避免名词或短语的重复性使用。
比如,当你表达:
“Your cat is bigger than my cat.”
其实你可以说:
“Your cat is bigger than mine.”
将“my cat”替换成“mine”,我们可以避免名词“cat”的重复使用。
物主代词/所有格代词 | 例句 |
---|---|
Mine | My brother’s house is prettier than mine. |
Yours | My kids are better at math than yours. |
His | This is not my car. It’s his. |
Hers | I took my boyfriend to the party and she took hers. |
Its | The cat chased its tail for hours. |
Ours | That is your house, and this one is ours. |
Yours | We’ll call our parents, and you’ll call yours. |
Theirs | The motorcycles are theirs. |
英语中的反身代词
反身代词用于映射自身。换言之,它是指代句子主语的代词。例如:
反身代词 | 例句 |
---|---|
Myself | I'm going to treat myself to a nice dinner tonight. |
Yourself | You should be proud of yourself for all your hard work. |
Himself | He hurt himself while playing basketball. |
Herself | She taught herself how to play the guitar. |
Itself | The cat cleaned itself after eating. |
Ourselves | We are going to challenge ourselves to run a marathon next year. |
Yourselves | You can help yourselves to some snacks in the kitchen. |
Themselves | They need to take care of themselves before they can help others. |
英语中的强化代词
强化代词与反身代词的词汇形式是相同的,不过它们在句子中起到的作用有所差别:强化代词主要用于强调句子的主语。
强化代词 | 例句 |
---|---|
Myself | I myself cannot believe that I accomplished this goal. |
Yourself | You yourself said that you didn't want to come. |
Himself | He himself fixed the car's engine. |
Herself | She herself prepared the dinner for the party. |
Itself | The computer itself shut down because of a power outage. |
Ourselves | We ourselves decided to take a day off. |
Yourselves | You yourselves should be proud of the progress you've made. |
Themselves | They themselves couldn't believe they had won the lottery. |
其他代词类型
在英语中,还有四种其他的代词类型,但它们都有同样的作用:替换句子中的名词。它们分别是指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词。
- 指示代词指向某个人、事物或地方。
- 疑问代词是疑问词,用于询问有关人、事物或地方的信息。
- 关系代词的使用更复杂一些,其功能在于连接句子中的从句。
- 不定代词指代句子中未知或未被定义的名词。
代词类型 | 例词 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
指示代词 | this, that, these, those | This is my car. That is yours. These are my shoes. Those are hers. |
疑问代词 | who, what, which, whom | Who is your favorite musician? What time is the meeting? Which movie do you want to watch? Whom did you invite to the party? |
不定代词 | anyone, someone, something, nothing, all, both, few, many, several | Someone left their jacket here. Anything is possible if you put your mind to it. Both of the books are good. Many people enjoy hiking. |
关系代词 | who, whom, whose, which, that | The person who called earlier left a message. I don't know whom to ask for help. This is the house whose roof needs to be repaired. The book which I borrowed from the library was very interesting. The bike that I bought last week is already giving me problems. |
They、them的单数属性
这可能与你学到的英语语法规则相悖——其实,尽管代词“they、them”是复数形式,但它们也能被看作是单数形式。在广泛的口语和书面文本中,它们可作为对某人的中性称呼。如果你不知道被指称人的性别,可用“they”来表示单数形式。
需要记住的是,即使你用“they”来指代一个人,它后面仍然会跟随一个复数动词。
比如,你可以说:
- When someone arrives at the airport, they should go directly to the baggage claim area.
- If a student needs extra help, they should speak with their teacher after class.
- A person can become anything they want.
另外,你也可以使用“they、them”来指代被认定为非二元性别的人。
继续英语学习之旅
精通英语代词对于进行有效沟通非常重要,正确使用它们,可以让英文会话听起来更加流畅。
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