英语学习|代词语法指南

作者

Karolina Assi

编辑

贝立兹中国

你知道如何正确使用me、herself、his或theirs这样的词汇吗?当你刚开始学英语时,这些看似微不足道的单词,其实可能会让你感到头疼。

最常见的英语代词类型(通常在第一节英语课上就会学到)是主语代词:I、you、he、she、it、we、you和they。

但英语代词的范围远不止于主语代词。事实上,英语中还包括宾语代词 (Object pronoun)、物主代词/所有格代词(Possessive pronoun)、反身代词(Reflexive pronoun)、关系代词(Relative pronoun),以及更多……

在本文中,我们会解释最常见的代词类型,以及如何在实践中使用它们。


什么是代词(pronoun)?

two friends who use English pronouns she/her are laughing with a cup of coffee at a cafe

名词在英语中极为常见,无处不在!它们在英语中,起到了极为重要的作用,但也需要一些“助手”来辅助它们。代词是替代名词的词汇,帮助我们避免在句子中过多重复使用同一个名词。

想象一下,如果你要给朋友讲一件事,描述你爸爸如何在周末为你的家人做晚餐:

My dad loves cooking. My dad always cooks dinner for us on the weekends. My dad is a pretty good cook! My dad made delicious pasta with tomato sauce.

这种叙事听起来无聊又重复,这就是我们需要代词的原因。有了代词后,你的说法可以变成这样:

My dad loves cooking. He always cooks dinner for us on the weekends. He’s a pretty good cook! He made delicious pasta with tomato sauce.

而在英语中,有7种类型的代词:

  1. 人称代词 - Personal pronoun:
    • 主语代词 - Subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)
    • 宾语代词 - Object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)
    • 物主代词/所有格代词 - Possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)
  2. 指示代词 - Demonstrative pronoun (this, these, that, those)
  3. 疑问代词 - Interrogative pronoun (who, whom, which, what)
  4. 关系代词 - Relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whoever, whichever, whomever)
  5. 不定代词 - Indefinite pronoun (all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone)
  6. 反身代词 - Reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
  7. 强化代词 - Intensive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)


英语中的人称代词

人称代词指发言者或发言者所谈论的人(或事物)。在英语中,有三种人称代词:主格代词、宾语代词和物主代词/所有格代词。

英语中的主语代词

主语代词很常见,是用来替代名词或名称功能的词汇,作为句子的主语。

  • I(我)用于指代自己。
  • You(你)用于指代你所称呼的人。
  • He(他)用于指代第三人称男性。
  • She(她)用于指代第三人称女性。
  • It(它)用于指代事物、地方或动物。
  • We(我们)用于指代你所在的人群。
  • You(你们)用于指代你所称呼的人群。
  • They(他们)用于指代你不属于的人群。

以下是关于如何使用主语代词的例句:

主语代词 例句
I I ate a delicious pizza this afternoon.
You You are smart, so you will get an A on the test tomorrow.
He He is Kate’s boyfriend from London.
She She likes video games and football, just like her brother.
It Look at this cat! It is so cute!
We We are looking forward to the party tonight.
You You are the best friends in the world!
They They all have blue eyes and blond hair.

英语中的宾语代词

英语中的所有代词都有相同的功能:替换名词。顾名思义,英语中的宾语代词主要用来替换句子的宾语。

而宾语代词还能分为直接宾语代词(Direct object pronoun)和间接宾语代词(Indirect object pronoun)。句子里的直接宾语是动作(动词)的直接承受者,而间接宾语是动作的直接承受者的接收者(即主语传递某种事物或信息的接收者)。

如果你对于直接宾语与间接宾语还是感到困惑,可以看看下面的例子:

  • John gave me a book.(me是间接宾语,a book是直接宾语)
  • She bought him a gift.(him是间接宾语,a gift是直接宾语)
  • I sent them a letter.(them是间接宾语,a letter是直接宾语)

以下是关于如何使用宾语代词的例句:

宾语代词 例句 直接或间接
Me John gave me a book 间接
You I love you. 直接
Him I saw him at the mall yesterday. 直接
Her My boss thinks very highly of her. 直接
It The dog chased the ball, but didn't bring it back. 直接
Us They gave us a beautiful wedding gift. 间接
You We invited you to the party. 直接
Them I gave them the keys. 间接

英语中的物主代词/所有格代词

物主代词/所有格代词相当简单,是表达对某物具备所有权的代词,常用于避免名词或短语的重复性使用。

比如,当你表达:

“Your cat is bigger than my cat.”

其实你可以说:

“Your cat is bigger than mine.”

将“my cat”替换成“mine”,我们可以避免名词“cat”的重复使用。

物主代词/所有格代词 例句
Mine My brother’s house is prettier than mine.
Yours My kids are better at math than yours.
His This is not my car. It’s his.
Hers I took my boyfriend to the party and she took hers.
Its The cat chased its tail for hours.
Ours That is your house, and this one is ours.
Yours
We’ll call our parents, and you’ll call yours.
Theirs The motorcycles are theirs.


英语中的反身代词

反身代词用于映射自身。换言之,它是指代句子主语的代词。例如:

反身代词 例句
Myself I'm going to treat myself to a nice dinner tonight.
Yourself You should be proud of yourself for all your hard work.
Himself He hurt himself while playing basketball.
Herself She taught herself how to play the guitar.
Itself The cat cleaned itself after eating.
Ourselves We are going to challenge ourselves to run a marathon next year.
Yourselves You can help yourselves to some snacks in the kitchen.
Themselves They need to take care of themselves before they can help others.

英语中的强化代词

强化代词与反身代词的词汇形式是相同的,不过它们在句子中起到的作用有所差别:强化代词主要用于强调句子的主语。

强化代词

例句
Myself I myself cannot believe that I accomplished this goal.
Yourself You yourself said that you didn't want to come.
Himself He himself fixed the car's engine.
Herself She herself prepared the dinner for the party.
Itself The computer itself shut down because of a power outage.
Ourselves We ourselves decided to take a day off.
Yourselves You yourselves should be proud of the progress you've made.
Themselves They themselves couldn't believe they had won the lottery.


其他代词类型

在英语中,还有四种其他的代词类型,但它们都有同样的作用:替换句子中的名词。它们分别是指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词。

  • 指示代词指向某个人、事物或地方。
  • 疑问代词是疑问词,用于询问有关人、事物或地方的信息。
  • 关系代词的使用更复杂一些,其功能在于连接句子中的从句。
  • 不定代词指代句子中未知或未被定义的名词。
代词类型 例词 例句
指示代词this, that, these, those This is my car. That is yours. These are my shoes. Those are hers.
疑问代词who, what, which, whom Who is your favorite musician? What time is the meeting? Which movie do you want to watch? Whom did you invite to the party?
不定代词anyone, someone, something, nothing, all, both, few, many, several Someone left their jacket here. Anything is possible if you put your mind to it. Both of the books are good. Many people enjoy hiking.
关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that The person who called earlier left a message. I don't know whom to ask for help. This is the house whose roof needs to be repaired. The book which I borrowed from the library was very interesting. The bike that I bought last week is already giving me problems.


They、them的单数属性

Group of friends learning English pronouns on a classroom whiteboard

这可能与你学到的英语语法规则相悖——其实,尽管代词“they、them”是复数形式,但它们也能被看作是单数形式。在广泛的口语和书面文本中,它们可作为对某人的中性称呼。如果你不知道被指称人的性别,可用“they”来表示单数形式。

需要记住的是,即使你用“they”来指代一个人,它后面仍然会跟随一个复数动词。

比如,你可以说:

  • When someone arrives at the airport, they should go directly to the baggage claim area.
  • If a student needs extra help, they should speak with their teacher after class.
  • A person can become anything they want.

另外,你也可以使用“they、them”来指代被认定为非二元性别的人。

继续英语学习之旅

精通英语代词对于进行有效沟通非常重要,正确使用它们,可以让英文会话听起来更加流畅。

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